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### 11.1 Creating a TLS server certificate

Here is a brief run up on how to create a server certificate. It has actually been done this way to get a certificate from CAcert to be used on a real server. It has only been tested with this CA, but there shouldn’t be any problem to run this against any other CA.

We start by generating an X.509 certificate signing request. As there is no need for a configuration file, you may simply enter:

      $ gpgsm --generate-key >example.com.cert-req.pem
      Please select what kind of key you want:
         (1) RSA
         (2) Existing key
         (3) Existing key from card
      Your selection? 1

I opted for creating a new RSA key. The other option is to use an already existing key, by selecting `2` and entering the so-called keygrip. Running the command ‘`gpgsm --dump-secret-key USERID`’ shows you this keygrip. Using `3` offers another menu to create a certificate directly from a smart card based key.

Let’s continue:

      What keysize do you want? (3072)
      Requested keysize is 3072 bits

Hitting enter chooses the default RSA key size of 3072 bits. Keys smaller than 2048 bits are too weak on the modern Internet. If you choose a larger (stronger) key, your server will need to do more work.

      Possible actions for a RSA key:
         (1) sign, encrypt
         (2) sign
         (3) encrypt
      Your selection? 1

Selecting “sign” enables use of the key for Diffie-Hellman key exchange mechanisms (DHE and ECDHE) in TLS, which are preferred because they offer forward secrecy. Selecting “encrypt” enables RSA key exchange mechanisms, which are still common in some places. Selecting both enables both key exchange mechanisms.

Now for some real data:

      Enter the X.509 subject name: CN=example.com

This is the most important value for a server certificate. Enter here the canonical name of your server machine. You may add other virtual server names later.

      E-Mail addresses (end with an empty line):
      >

We don’t need email addresses in a TLS server certificate and CAcert would anyway ignore such a request. Thus just hit enter.

If you want to create a client certificate for email encryption, this would be the place to enter your mail address (e.g. joe@example.org). You may enter as many addresses as you like, however the CA may not accept them all or reject the entire request.

      Enter DNS names (optional; end with an empty line):
      > example.com
      > www.example.com
      >

Here I entered the names of the services which the machine actually provides. You almost always want to include the canonical name here too. The browser will accept a certificate for any of these names. As usual the CA must approve all of these names.

      URIs (optional; end with an empty line):
      >

It is possible to insert arbitrary URIs into a certificate; for a server certificate this does not make sense.

      Create self-signed certificate? (y/N)

Since we are creating a certificate signing request, and not a full certificate, we answer no here, or just hit enter for the default.

We have now entered all required information and `gpgsm` will display what it has gathered and ask whether to create the certificate request:

      These parameters are used:
          Key-Type: RSA
          Key-Length: 3072
          Key-Usage: sign, encrypt
          Name-DN: CN=example.com
          Name-DNS: example.com
          Name-DNS: www.example.com

      Proceed with creation? (y/N) y

`gpgsm` will now start working on creating the request. As this includes the creation of an RSA key it may take a while. During this time you will be asked 3 times for a passphrase to protect the created private key on your system. A pop up window will appear to ask for it. The first two prompts are for the new passphrase and for re-entering it; the third one is required to actually create the certificate signing request.

When it is ready, you should see the final notice:

      Ready.  You should now send this request to your CA.

Now, you may look at the created request:

      $ cat example.com.cert-req.pem
      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
      MIIClTCCAX0CAQAwFjEUMBIGA1UEAxMLZXhhbXBsZS5jb20wggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3
      DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDP1QEcbTvOLLCX4gAoOzH9AW7jNOMj7OSOL0uW
      h2bCdkK5YVpnX212Z6COTC3ZG0pJiCeGt1TbbDJUlTa4syQ6JXavjK66N8ASZsyC
      Rwcl0m6hbXp541t1dbgt2VgeGk25okWw3j+brw6zxLD2TnthJxOatID0lDIG47HW
      GqzZmA6WHbIBIONmGnReIHTpPAPCDm92vUkpKG1xLPszuRmsQbwEl870W/FHrsvm
      DPvVUUSdIvTV9NuRt7/WY6G4nPp9QlIuTf1ESPzIuIE91gKPdrRCAx0yuT708S1n
      xCv3ETQ/bKPoAQ67eE3mPBqkcVwv9SE/2/36Lz06kAizRgs5AgMBAAGgOjA4Bgkq
      hkiG9w0BCQ4xKzApMCcGA1UdEQQgMB6CC2V4YW1wbGUuY29tgg93d3cuZXhhbXBs
      ZS5jb20wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQADggEBAEWD0Qqz4OENLYp6yyO/KqF0ig9FDsLN
      b5/R+qhms5qlhdB5+Dh+j693Sj0UgbcNKc6JT86IuBqEBZmRCJuXRoKoo5aMS1cJ
      hXga7N9IA3qb4VBUzBWvlL92U2Iptr/cEbikFlYZF2Zv3PBv8RfopVlI3OLbKV9D
      bJJTt/6kuoydXKo/Vx4G0DFzIKNdFdJk86o/Ziz8NOs9JjZxw9H9VY5sHKFM5LKk
      VcLwnnLRlNjBGB+9VK/Tze575eG0cJomTp7UGIB+1xzIQVAhUZOizRDv9tHDeaK3
      k+tUhV0kuJcYHucpJycDSrP/uAY5zuVJ0rs2QSjdnav62YrRgEsxJrU=
      -----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
      $

You may now proceed by logging into your account at the CAcert website, choose `Server Certificates - New`, check `sign by class 3 root certificate`, paste the above request block into the text field and click on `Submit`.

If everything works out fine, a certificate will be shown. Now run

    $ gpgsm --import

and paste the certificate from the CAcert page into your terminal followed by a Ctrl-D

      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
      MIIEIjCCAgqgAwIBAgIBTDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQQFADBUMRQwEgYDVQQKEwtDQWNl
       [...]
      rUTFlNElRXCwIl0YcJkIaYYqWf7+A/aqYJCi8+51usZwMy3Jsq3hJ6MA3h1BgwZs
      Rtct3tIX
      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
      gpgsm: issuer certificate (#/CN=CAcert Class 3 Ro[...]) not found
      gpgsm: certificate imported

      gpgsm: total number processed: 1
      gpgsm:               imported: 1

`gpgsm` tells you that it has imported the certificate. It is now associated with the key you used when creating the request. The root certificate has not been found, so you may want to import it from the CACert website.

To see the content of your certificate, you may now enter:

      $ gpgsm -K example.com
      /home/foo/.gnupg/pubring.kbx
      ---------------------------
      Serial number: 4C
             Issuer: /CN=CAcert Class 3 Root/OU=http:\x2f\x2fwww.[...]
            Subject: /CN=example.com
                aka: (dns-name example.com)
                aka: (dns-name www.example.com)
           validity: 2015-07-01 16:20:51 through 2016-07-01 16:20:51
           key type: 3072 bit RSA
          key usage: digitalSignature keyEncipherment
      ext key usage: clientAuth (suggested), serverAuth (suggested), [...]
        fingerprint: 0F:9C:27:B2:DA:05:5F:CB:33:D8:19:E9:65:B9:4F:BD:B1:98:CC:57

I used `-K` above because this will only list certificates for which a private key is available. To see more details, you may use `--dump-secret-keys` instead of `-K`.

To make actual use of the certificate you need to install it on your server. Server software usually expects a PKCS\#12 file with key and certificate. To create such a file, run:

      $ gpgsm --export-secret-key-p12 -a >example.com-cert.pem

You will be asked for the passphrase as well as for a new passphrase to be used to protect the PKCS\#12 file. The file now contains the certificate as well as the private key:

      $ cat example-cert.pem
      Issuer ...: /CN=CAcert Class 3 Root/OU=http:\x2f\x2fwww.CA[...]
      Serial ...: 4C
      Subject ..: /CN=example.com
          aka ..: (dns-name example.com)
          aka ..: (dns-name www.example.com)

      -----BEGIN PKCS12-----
      MIIHlwIBAzCCB5AGCSqGSIb37QdHAaCCB4EEggd9MIIHeTk1BJ8GCSqGSIb3DQEu
      [...many more lines...]
      -----END PKCS12-----
      $

Copy this file in a secure way to the server, install it there and delete the file then. You may export the file again at any time as long as it is available in GnuPG’s private key database.

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